The recent boom of extractive industries in the Peruvian Andes and Amazonia has contributed to the rapid economic growth and poverty alleviation that has made Peru one of the more social and economic dynamic country in Latin America. However, several critical issues have emerged in the process. Territorial and human rights of indigenous peoples are commonly overlooked, lack of land use planning tools has induced overlapped property rights, the role of local and sub national (regional) governments is not clearly defined, and the prior informed consent paradigm has not been appropriately understood and implemented. The presentation will be based upon case studies of large scale mining in the Peruvian Andes and oil and gas exploration and extraction in the Peruvian Amazon. MANUEL GLAVE TESTINO, Ph. D., Economics (University of Illinois, Urbana ' Champaign (1992)). Manuel is currently a Senior Researcher at the Group of Analysis for Development (GRADE), and a Full Professor of the Department of Economics at the Catholic University of Peru. He is a specialist on sustainable rural development studies with international experience in Andean Countries, Central America and Africa, Dr. Glave has taught several courses on environmental and natural resources economics in Peru and Latin America, and has been a Visiting Faculty at the University of Notre Dame (Indiana, USA). Among his many publications is 'Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo: un dilogo canadiense ' latinoamericano' (Natural Resources and Development: A Canadian ' Latin American Dialogue), co ' edited with Professor Donald Brean from the University of Toronto.